Mathematics, Religion and Life

Knowledge base that must be owned by all people on earth is to read, write and count. Therefore, the math (and language) are taught in all countries. Mathematics is very important so that the title queen of science. As queen, she serves the king (in this case is a science). This may mean that all require knowledge of mathematics. But many people think, is a mathematical science distinctive, complex and difficult.

Like the first time I like Mathematics at the time I sit in the junior high school. I like Mathematics Mathematics for junior high school teacher who brought me into Mathematics lessons that are very exciting. And while I make is to enjoy learning mathematics.

After I take my grade 3 in the guidance of a famous Bimbel. Subject of my eyes is only diligent Mathematics course. In addition to lessons has been attached on myself because I Tentor that support can make the learning process is very interesting and fun. Consequently I am grateful because I get results that satisfy the value Mathematics above average .. Alhamdulillah..

Until favorite subjects in high school I still Mathematics. Alhamdulillah in high school, I also find teachers who can make the process of learning Mathematics and enjoy a fun. Although often in the angry and often problematic, but I still responsible for the lessons. And, of course, especially Mathematics. Because, as my father told me puckish (in a sense are still responsible) are nothing but children must be the achievement.

SMA, of course we must think about the future. Where will the period I will continue my studies. At first I really want to continue to study at the Faculty of Psychology. Do not know why I want to be a psychologist. However, I have received this in Mathematics. Perhaps this is already the best way of Allah SWT.

Finally, I accept all of the field chest. Because also not accepted in the Faculty of Psychology. Maybe because I prefer the power of Mathematics to make way God gave this to me. Although my heart for the environment and not to support it.

But I continue to think and brood all this every day, every step I stand and move every second of time. Until I find a lot of things that make me keep thinking about all this.

If mathematics servant of science, can also do the religious life of man kind? One of the branch of mathematics is logic. Here, we learn not only the symbol logic, but also on the implementation of life. For example, the statement said compound with connected and (called conjunction statement and to symbolic?). Based on mathematical logic, the compound is true if the conjunction single statements are also correct. If there are two single statement, there will be 4 possible values of truth compound statement.

For example compound conjunction statement on Al-Quran Surat Al-Asr (103:1:3) states that "for the period, the man really in loss except those who believe in 'and' work righteousness ...." Based on the logic of mathematics means that human in losses if only the one thing only, believe it or work righteousness only. (may be on the table two and three), especially if they do not (fourth line). Spiritual and social life should be run in the balance. Firm by Rasulallah SAW "work for your world like you'll live forever, and work for “akheratmu” as if you will die tomorrow.

I realize that Mathematics is not only the course and working with a formula-a formula that so much. But we can apply Mathematics in life.

What I can reflect about psychological aspects, if the student is confronted with the following questions.

Hopefully the skills of Mr. and Mrs. teachers in resolving the problems can add the following skills in preparing and implementing the learning of mathematics in junior high school with more innovatif. Written resolution of the individual:
1. Done the best selected from the there is a problem and the results are collected today (to this day please do not answer the questions and options)
2. Make solution to all problems and collected at the latest Tuesday, 9 December 2008, placed in the locker Pak Marsigit. Kumnci answers can be seen on Tuesday night, 9 December in http://pbmmarsigit.blogspot.com/. Amien (Lecturer: Marsigit)

At the top is the task of the course Psychology of Mathematics Learning. I will identify the symptoms of people who appear on the teachers get the question above.

1. Surprise

We surprised if you find something or that we previously did not think or think. No one with a surprised because it is a normal reaction. However, excessive surprised that tend to cause panic and generate excess negative. When someone panic, attitudes and what to do, do not tend to be short-minded and restrained, even in many cases cause 'mati' his logic. (mind.donnyreza.net/23022008/jangan-terlalu-terkejut/ - 85k)

2. Work to delay

Employment is at the bottom of the task.

• IMPORTANCE TO
  In the world of work, the opportunity to choose a task that is done you want to taste rarely obtained. Yet again, the actual number of tasks in less willing heart. However, any situation, the demand to solve may not be deleted.
  
  It is common, if the world's work, many obstacles. Obstacles often come from outside and from within, the motivation to work themselves. According to Sri Lanka, from Experd, unconsciously, the barriers that come from self actually more difficult to overcome.
  
  Daughter mentioned, there are 2 types of jobs that often delayed, which is considered easy, and that very difficult. Delaying action is not the right job. Daughter had considered this action as' difficulty lay in the future.
  
  Necessary commitment and ability to sort of work. The goal, so we do not always have to work away furiously at all opportunities. Create jobs based on the priority scale sense of urgency.
  
  After have a list of priorities, starting stake notes effective steps that can be taken to complete the work there. Note this can also function as reminders, not to forget to do the work details.

• Manager TIME
  No work better with the delay. But indeed, there is some work to be done with careful and take time.
  
  On the other hand, there are also people who are more productive if in the chase each time, thus the current ideas flowing smoothly. Reason is only a small part of the reason for the delay other jobs. With enough time, we could remove the ability of our maximum.
  
  According to the daughter, with various ways of working, how to work out the resolution process is the key to tackling the job. For that, try a nip of creativity through play with time. If we can consider ourselves a company, then this is a manager at the time. Often we plan menyicil work, which tenggatnya still far enough.
  
  However, the temptation is also about not less often circumvent the intent. Many reasons that appear as a barrier. We are often tempted to pay more relaxed time wasted during the overtime. Filling with ngopi spare time with friends, or simply indulge in the beauty shop.
  
  How to control, out of time in which we can work with effectively. At the time, began to do work with the high level of urgency. In addition, we can make light work, as the warming in the morning, or in fact cooling in the afternoon. When meeting with the client's location not far from where we live, then Arrange a meeting near the office clock. So, we can go home. Essentially, we set a time that we have. (www.femina-online.com/issue/issue_detail.asp?id=67&cid=3&views)

3. Skilfully
   Proficient means that the teachers' proficiency is required of Iron-clad success of education in accordance with professional, skilled in the task and deft, quick, precise in resolving the matter and make a decision within. Meanwhile, may Cakep criteria realized through manners, decorum, the association should be based on the code of ethics and professional teachers. "Teachers are enough, say, Cakep is a professional teacher, in his duties will be quality, effective and efficient," says Drs. Asmuni.(www.jogja.go.id/index/extra.detail/1708/Komitmen-kunci-profesionalitas-guru.html)

Master Sample and Its Application in Sample Surveys Particularly

1. Introduction
Estimation of a statistical population's parameters, covering various characteristics is very costly through conduct of statistical surveys. This is due to many factors including construction of the frame, listing, and geographical level of the required estimates. Construction of frame is generally based on a census the implementation of which is complicated and expensive. Also, number of information items collected from a census is limited. A census is usually executed every 5 or 10 years. For this reason, sample surveys are designed and conducted as a scientific and practical procedure in order to estimate the population's parameters in different years. In a sample survey there is usually a contrast between the estimation error and the survey's cost so that the more we are willing to have a smaller estimation error the more cost we should incur (though there may be no exact reverse relation between the two). On the other hand, we may not reach so accurate estimates though enjoying a considerable fund. Therefore, a balance should always be made between them or one sacrificed for the other. It is evident that applying appropriate sampling methods and considering other executive problems can have a vital role in reducing the costs and in improving the accuracy of the estimates.

One of the ways to reduce costs is to divide such costs as preparation of a frame between several surveys or different survey periods. The other way is to select a fixed set of the sample units referred to as Master Sample for use in various surveys or different rounds of a same survey. In applying the Master Sample, some of initial steps together with a heavy workload can be taken adequately or inadequately for various surveys in a mixed procedure. In addition, it is possible to establish a relation between the estimates resulting from such surveys by applying this procedure. The use of Master Sample was first focused on by a certain number of countries during the second half of the 20th century and it is now being used by them. The present study has considered the matter briefly.

The Statistical Center of Iran as the major organization producing and coordinating the official statistics in the country has carried out many sample surveys in addition to various censuses since its establishment. There are some common aspects in a number of such surveys, particularly those dealing with households' characteristics, in which it is possible to use the Master Sample.

In this connection, a project, with an aim to study the possibility of using the Master Sample in household surveys, ordered by the Statistical Research and Training Center was defined and carried out. The report of this study has been presented in three parts.

The first part introduces the Master Sample including its history, applications, designing and updating the Master Sample Frame as well as defining the Master Sample and its key characteristics, advantages, disadvantages and limitations and finally use of the Master Sample in the periodic and multi-round surveys. The necessary recommendations for the Master Sample have been made at the end of this part.

The second part with the title, "Designing a Master sample for Use in the Statistical Center of Iran's Household Surveys" deals with the preparation of the samples required for the Household Surveys of the Center during 2002-2006. In this respect, first use of the 1996 General Census of Population and Housing was evaluated for designing the Master Sample Frame, however the data of the census were not found reliable for the MSF because of their being old and unupdated. Then, the frame obtained from the 2002 General Census of Establishments was studied as a substitute procedure for the MSF, but this frame was also found lacking in the essential attributes for this purpose. Furthermore, the current household surveys of Statistic Center of Iran were reviewed and it was concluded as such that except for the household's income and expenditure survey, it is not possible in other cases to forcast the titles of the household surveys and their characteristics for a period of several years. Finally, it was, based on the studies carried out, evident that lack of an integrated household surveys program is the major issue for failure in designing the Master Sample.

Considering the studies presented in the second part of the report and with regard to the necessity of cost-effectiveness in application of the Master Sample, this research has not been successful as expected in terms of an adequate designing of a MS with an aim to draw the samples required for the Statistical Center of Iran's household surveys during 2002-2006 and its comparison with the existing methods for designing of the samples. One of the important obstacles is the absence of a long-run extensive program for the Center's current household surveys. Apart from this major issue, this research presents next the integrated programs for the design and conduct of the survey. This has been discussed in the third part.

The third part entitled, "Designing the Integrated Household Surveys Programs", describes the factors involved in designing such programs in addition to the points which should be considered when planning for the surveys and the matter of cost-effectiveness in applying MS to the related programs.

2. Design of the Master Sample using the data from the 2002 General Census of Establishments as a frame

a. The Master Sample Frame and duration of its use
The list of blocks and villages throughout the country obtained from the 2002 General Census of Establishments in urban and rural areas constitutes the MSF. This list is made from the data included in form 1 (listing form).

In addition to the above file, the maps of the enumeration districts are also accessible. These maps have been segmented in blocks in the urban areas and mapped rural areas. In the other rural areas the location of a village has been marked with a dot. MSF is used for four years (2003-2006).

b. Uses of MS

1. Employment and Unemployment Characteristics Surveys (making seasonal estimates annually with rotation sampling and distribution of seasonal samples between the three months of each season).

2. The Urban Households' Income and Expenditure Survey (once a year with distribution of annual samples between the twelve months).

3. The Rural Households' Income and Expenditure Survey (once a year with distribution of annual samples between the twelve months).

4. The Household's Socio-Economic Characteristics Survey (a follow-up survey beginning from 2004 and a two-round visit in the subsequent two years).

5. Population Changes Measurement (once in a period of four years and a two-round visit during sixth months).

6. Ad hoc household surveys

The implementation of the first three surveys is definite but the rest indefinite.

c. Geographical level of estimates
The estimates are made at the urban and rural areas level in each province for such surveys as employment and unemployment characteristics, households income and expenditure, and population changes, and at total country level for the household's socio-economic characteristics surveys. However, the geographical level of estimates for the ad hoc surveys is not determined.

d. Primary Sampling Units
The Primary Sampling Unit (PSU) is composed of blocks or villages or a combination of small blocks or villages in a neighboring enumeration district, or a part of large blocks and unmapped large villages with A households at the minimum and B households at the maximum.

To construct PSU of small blocks or villages, the integration is made to reach the minimum number of the households using the blocks or villages within an enumeration district and, if required, in neighboring enumeration districts.

However, the village's blocks are used in case of the mapped villages for this purpose.

The ways to construct PSU for large blocks or unmapped large villages are as follows:

1. Blocks or unmapped villages with at least A households and at most B households would constitute a PSU. The optimal values A and B are determined with regard to the number of households in blocks and villages throughout the country in 2002, pattern of sample rotation in the periodic employment and unemployment characteristics surveys as well as correlation coefficient within PSUs.

2. Blocks or unmapped villages with over B households will be subjectively divided in several segments all with an equal size. Each segment is regarded as a PSU so that the whole objective or subjective PSUs would cover at least A households and at most B households.

After construction of PSUs in the frame (whether objective or subjective), the units can be divided into strata in terms of urban and rural areas, the population in the cities and Dehestans (administrative subdivitions), and number of their households. The boundary of the strata may be determined by quantiles of attributes distribution obtained from the results of the 2002 General Census of Establishments.

• Ultimate Sampling Unit: the sample household's housing unit

e. Sampling Design
Two-stage cluster sampling for all surveys

f. Type and rate of overlapping of PSUs and USUs
PSU: if possible the same for all designs

USU:

• Various USUs are employed for the employment and unemployment characteristics, the household's income and expenditure, the household's socio-economic characteristics and ad hoc surveys.

• The same USUs are used for the employment and unemployment characteristics and the population growth measurement surveys in the related years.

• A part of the USUs remains constant and another part changes due to the pattern of the rotation of the sample in various seasons of the employment and unemployment characteristics survey.

g. How to select the units of each stage
First, the PSUs are selected by the PPS method in a required number within each stratum. Then, sample PSUs in each stratum are divided into a number of random sub-groups (in a systematic manner). The number of the sub-groups is mostly determined according to the number of sample PSUs needed for the employment and unemployment characteristics survey in each year. The first sub-group is used in the first year of MS application. The housing units and households are listed in each sample PSU with the selection of random starting point. In listing process, such data as job specifications and literacy of the head of the household are asked so as to group PSU households appropriately. In cases where a PSU is subjective (a part of a large block or an unmapped village), the total number of housing units and households of the block or village relating to this PSU will be counted. Then, with reference to the division number of the sample PSUs in a block or village, the part of households pertaining to the sample PSU can be determined and listed. Considering the fact that most large villages are mapped, it is mostly the case with the blocks covering housing complexes whose households can be counted rather easily.

As already mentioned it may not be necessary to list again the housings units and households of sample PSU at least in the first year of the duration of MS application when the existing lists from the census can be of use. Particularly knowing that the USU is the housing unit of the sample household not the household itself, the probable changes in the lists can only be due to the change of the sample PSU housing units. Of course, in the latter case, a part of the survey's efficiency that arises from grouping of PSU households based on the characteristics of the head of the household and the other household's socio-economic characteristics and that can be achieved together with the listing of sample PSU
households might be lost.

The households listed in the sample PSU in each stratum are divided into a number of clusters systematically with regard to the average size of the cluster in the stratum. If the households' socio-economic characteristics are recorded in listing process, it is then possible to arrange the PSU households based on such characteristics in an appropriate procedure and to build the sample cluster too. The average size of the cluster in strata can be determined according to the intracorrelation coefficients of PSUs of each stratum and the components of the survey's cost in the same stratum. Depending on the results obtained the average size of the cluster in all strata can be assumed equal or different. In the next process, the clusters made are divided into a number of random subgroups. The number of the random subgroups are assigned according to the sample rotation model in the employment and unemployment characteristics survey, the number of the sample clusters required for the same survey, the household's income and expenditure survey and the number of additional clusters predicted for the household's socio-economic characteristics survey and the ad hoc surveys during the MS application in each year. For each survey, the household's income and expenditure survey as an example, one or more random subgroups are employed to provide the required samples.

h. Master Sample's Size
The number of the sample PSUs are assigned as follows:

First, the number of the sample PSUs required for each survey is separately determined. Then, the final number of the sample PSUs needed for each survey is specified according to the rounds of conduct of surveys during a 4-year period. Finally, considering the way PSUs are overlapped in various surveys, the number of the sample PSUs of a survey that enjoys the maximum sample size is regarded as the basis. A percent is added to this number for satisfying any probable needs, thus the number of final sample PSUs can be obtained.

Tugas Psikologi Belajar Matematika

Mirsa Kristiningtyas (07301241017)

Pendidikan Matematika R'07